Glossary · DPP: data, identifiers and standards
DPP data carrier
Also known as: data carrier, passport data carrier, QR code, NFC tag, RFID tag
In the EU digital product passport, a data carrier is a linear bar code symbol, a two-dimensional symbol or another automatic identification medium, such as a QR code, an NFC tag or an RFID tag, that can be read by a device and gives access to the passport through the unique product identifier. The delegated act sets where it must be placed.
- EU
- DPP
- Technical documentation
In one sentence
A DPP data carrier, such as a QR code, NFC or RFID tag, is placed on the product, packaging or documents and links to its passport.
Example
A washing machine carries a QR code on its rating plate; the same code is printed on the packaging and in the quick-start guide, and all three resolve to one passport.
How it applies
- Placement: On the product itself where possible; otherwise on the packaging or accompanying documentation, as the delegated act specifies. It must stay readable for the expected life of the product.
- Standard: EN 18220:2026 covers data carriers and is among the harmonized DPP standards.
- What it carries: The carrier holds the unique product identifier or a link built from it, not the passport data. Behind the link, structured, machine-readable formats such as JSON-LD can serve people and systems from the same record.
- Technical documentation: A code already used for digital instructions may also lead to the passport, but the two remain separate legal content; see DPP vs. instructions for use.
Compared with the USA, Canada and China
QR codes, NFC and RFID are used worldwide for traceability, for example the 2D barcode on US prescription drug packages and the codes on Chinese power batteries. What is specific to the EU is a legally defined link from the carrier to a regulated, partly public product record.