Glossary
Robotics, machine vision and manufacturing operations glossary
Definitions of the terms of industrial robotics and human–robot collaboration, machine vision, CNC and machine tools, packaging and intralogistics, manufacturing systems, batch and process operations according to ISA-88, manufacturing execution with MES and ISA-95, energy and utilities automation, and maintenance and diagnostics. Every entry shows the German term and explains what the concept means on the shop floor and in the documentation.
Robotics
Articulated arm robot
ISO 8373German: Knickarmroboter
In industrial robotics, an articulated arm robot is a serial robot whose arm is built from a chain of links connected by rotary joints, typically with a vertical base axis followed by shoulder, elbow and wrist axes. The six-axis version is the most common general-purpose industrial robot.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesAutomated guided vehicle (AGV)
ISO 3691-4German: Fahrerloses Transportfahrzeug (FTF)
In intralogistics, an automated guided vehicle (AGV) is a driverless vehicle that transports loads along predefined routes, guided by wires, magnetic tape, markers, reflectors or stored maps. Its safety requirements are covered by ISO 3691-4 for driverless industrial trucks and their systems.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesAutonomous mobile robot (AMR)
ANSI/A3 R15.08German: Autonomer mobiler Roboter (AMR)
In intralogistics and manufacturing, an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) is a driverless robot that localizes itself with on-board sensors and plans its own route on a map, so it can avoid obstacles without fixed guidance. An AMR can carry loads or a manipulator.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesBase coordinate system
ISO 9787German: Basiskoordinatensystem
In robotics, the base coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system fixed to the robot's mounting surface, to which the robot controller refers the arm's positions. ISO 9787 defines it together with the world, mechanical interface and tool coordinate systems.
Robotics
Definition and examplesCartesian robot
ISO 8373German: Portalroboter
In ISO 8373, a Cartesian robot is a robot whose arm has three prismatic joints with axes arranged as a Cartesian coordinate system. Mounted on an overhead frame it is called a gantry robot (Portalroboter).
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesCollaborative robot
ISO 10218-2German: Kollaborativer Roboter
In industrial robotics, a collaborative robot is a robot designed to be used in a collaborative application, where people and the robot work in a shared space during automatic operation. Whether the application is safe is decided by the risk assessment of the whole application, not by the robot alone.
Robotics · Standards · Functional safety
Definition and examplesCollision avoidance
German: Kollisionsvermeidung
In robotics and motion control, collision avoidance is the set of methods that prevent a robot, vehicle or axis from hitting objects, other machines or people, by planning paths around known obstacles, monitoring zones or reacting to sensed obstacles before contact.
Robotics
Definition and examplesCollision detection
German: Kollisionserkennung
In robotics, collision detection is a function of the robot controller that recognizes an unexpected contact, usually from deviations in motor current or joint torque compared with a model, and then stops or retracts the robot to limit damage or injury.
Robotics
Definition and examplesCompliance (robotics)
German: Nachgiebigkeit
In robotics, compliance is the ability of a robot, gripper or mounting element to yield elastically under external force, the inverse of stiffness. It can be passive, built into mechanical elements, or active, created by force or impedance control.
Robotics
Definition and examplesContinuous-path motion
German: Bahnbewegung
In robotics and CNC, continuous-path motion is a motion type in which the controller guides the tool center point along a defined geometric path, such as a straight line or circular arc, with controlled speed along the path. It contrasts with point-to-point motion, where only the end positions are defined.
Robotics
Definition and examplesDegrees of freedom
German: Freiheitsgrade
In robotics and mechanics, degrees of freedom are the number of independent coordinates needed to describe the position of a body or mechanism. A rigid body in space has six (three translations, three rotations); a robot's degrees of freedom usually equal its number of independent joints.
Robotics
Definition and examplesDelta robot
German: Delta-Roboter
In robotics, a delta robot is a parallel robot in which three arms, driven by motors on a fixed base, connect through parallelogram linkages to a small moving platform that stays parallel to the base. It is built for very fast, light pick-and-place work.
Robotics
Definition and examplesEnd effector
ISO 8373German: Endeffektor
In ISO 8373, an end effector is a device specifically designed to be attached to the mechanical interface of a robot to enable it to perform its task. Grippers, welding torches, screwdrivers, spray guns and suction cups are end effectors.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesForce control
German: Kraftregelung
In robotics, force control is a control method in which the robot regulates the contact force or torque between its tool and the environment, measured by a force/torque sensor or estimated from joint torques, instead of only following a programmed position.
Robotics
Definition and examplesGripper
ISO 14539German: Greifer
In robotics and handling, a gripper is an end effector that grasps, holds and releases objects, by force closure, form closure or adhesion such as vacuum or magnetism. Common types are mechanical finger grippers, vacuum grippers and magnetic grippers.
Robotics
Definition and examplesHand-eye calibration
German: Hand-Auge-Kalibrierung
In robot vision, hand-eye calibration determines the fixed transformation between a camera and the robot, either between a wrist-mounted camera and the robot flange (eye-in-hand) or between a stationary camera and the robot base (eye-to-hand), so that image coordinates can be converted into robot positions.
Robotics
Definition and examplesHuman-robot collaboration (HRC)
ISO 10218-2German: Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration (MRK)
In industrial robotics, human-robot collaboration (HRC) is a form of work in which people and robots share a workspace during automatic operation and may interact directly, protected by collaborative safety methods instead of complete physical separation.
Robotics · Standards · Functional safety
Definition and examplesImpedance control
German: Impedanzregelung
In robotics, impedance control is a control method that makes the robot respond to external forces like a programmable mass-spring-damper system: the controller sets the relationship between the force acting on the tool and the resulting deviation from the commanded position.
Robotics
Definition and examplesIndustrial robot
ISO 8373German: Industrieroboter
In ISO 8373, an industrial robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable multipurpose manipulator, programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. The term includes the manipulator and its robot controller.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesJoint axis
German: Gelenkachse
In robotics, a joint axis is the axis about which a revolute joint rotates or along which a prismatic joint slides, driven by its own motor and measured by its own encoder. The positions of all joint axes together define the robot's configuration.
Robotics
Definition and examplesManipulator
ISO 8373German: Manipulator
In ISO 8373, a manipulator is a machine whose mechanism usually consists of a series of segments, jointed or sliding relative to one another, for gripping or moving objects, usually in several degrees of freedom. It can be controlled by an operator, a programmable controller or a logic system.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesMotoman robot
German: Motoman-Roboter
In industrial robotics, Motoman is the robot brand of Yaskawa Electric; a Motoman robot is an industrial robot from Yaskawa's range, which includes articulated, collaborative, SCARA, delta, welding and painting robots with Yaskawa robot controllers.
Robotics · Vendor product
Definition and examplesParallel gripper
German: Parallelgreifer
In handling and robotics, a parallel gripper is a mechanical gripper whose jaws move linearly and parallel toward or away from each other, driven pneumatically or electrically, to clamp parts from outside or inside.
Robotics
Definition and examplesPayload
ISO 9283German: Traglast
In robotics, payload is the load a robot can carry at its mechanical interface under specified speed and acceleration, including the end effector and the workpiece. Manufacturers state a rated payload together with limits on center of gravity offset and moments of inertia.
Robotics
Definition and examplesPoint-to-point motion
German: Punkt-zu-Punkt-Bewegung
In robotics, point-to-point motion is a motion type in which the controller moves the axes to a target position without controlling the path of the tool center point in between; the axes are usually synchronized to start and stop together.
Robotics
Definition and examplesReach
German: Reichweite
In robotics, reach is the maximum distance a robot can extend from its base axis to its mechanical interface or wrist center, as stated by the manufacturer. It characterizes the size of the robot's workspace.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobot
ISO 8373German: Roboter
In ISO 8373, a robot is a programmed actuated mechanism with a degree of autonomy to perform locomotion, manipulation or positioning. The term covers industrial robots, service robots and mobile robots.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesRobot arm
German: Roboterarm
In robotics, a robot arm is the chain of links and joints of a manipulator that positions the wrist, and with it the end effector, in space; in everyday usage the term often refers to the whole manipulator including the wrist.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobot calibration
German: Roboterkalibrierung
In robotics, robot calibration is the process of identifying the deviations between a robot's nominal kinematic model and its real geometry, such as link lengths, joint offsets and elasticity, and compensating them in the controller to improve absolute positioning accuracy.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobot cell
ISO 10218-2German: Roboterzelle
In industrial robotics, a robot cell is one or more robots together with their end effectors, the associated machinery and equipment, the safeguarded space and the protective measures, forming a unit that performs a task. ISO 10218-2 addresses safety requirements for robot applications and robot cells.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesRobot controller
German: Robotersteuerung
In robotics, a robot controller is the control system of a robot: the hardware and software that interpret the robot program, compute kinematics and trajectories, drive the servo axes, handle inputs and outputs and, on many models, run integrated safety functions.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobot flange
ISO 9409-1German: Roboterflansch
In robotics, the robot flange is the mechanical interface at the end of the manipulator to which end effectors are attached. ISO 9409-1 standardizes the dimensions of flange plates, such as pitch circle, bolt holes and locating pin.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesRobot programming
German: Roboterprogrammierung
In robotics, robot programming is the creation of the instructions a robot controller executes: motion commands, positions, tool and frame data, logic and communication with other devices. It is done online with the robot (teach-in, hand guiding) or offline in simulation.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobotics
German: Robotik
Robotics is the engineering discipline concerned with the design, construction, control, programming and application of robots, combining mechanics, electrical engineering, control engineering, sensing and computer science.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobotics system integrator
German: Robotik-Systemintegrator/-in
In industrial robotics, a robotics system integrator is a company or person that designs, builds, programs and commissions robot applications from robots, end effectors, peripherals and safeguarding, and typically takes responsibility for the complete robot cell.
Robotics
Definition and examplesRobotic process automation (RPA)
German: Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
In business IT, robotic process automation (RPA) is the use of software bots that mimic user interactions with applications, such as clicking, typing and copying data between systems, to automate rule-based office tasks. Despite the name, RPA involves no physical robots.
Robotics · AI
Definition and examplesSCARA
German: SCARA
In robotics, SCARA stands for selective compliance assembly (or articulated) robot arm: a kinematic arrangement with two parallel rotary joints in a horizontal plane, a vertical linear axis and usually a rotary axis at the tool, which is compliant in the horizontal plane and stiff in the vertical direction.
Robotics
Definition and examplesSingularity
German: Singularität
In robot kinematics, a singularity is a configuration in which the robot loses one or more degrees of freedom of tool motion, for example when two joint axes line up; near it, small tool movements require very large joint speeds and the joint positions for a pose are no longer unique.
Robotics
Definition and examplesSoft pneumatic gripper
German: Soft Pneumatic Gripper
In handling and robotics, a soft pneumatic gripper is a gripper with flexible fingers made of elastomer that bend when pressurized, conforming to the shape of the object. It is used for delicate, irregular or varying items such as food, fruit or packaged goods.
Robotics
Definition and examplesTeach pendant
ISO 10218-1German: Programmierhandgerät
In robotics, a teach pendant is a hand-held unit connected to the robot controller for programming, jogging and operating the robot. It typically includes an enabling device, an emergency stop control and a mode selection or display.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesTeach-in
German: Teach-in
In robotics, teach-in is the online programming method in which positions are recorded by moving the real robot to them, with a teach pendant or by hand guiding, and storing each pose in the program.
Robotics
Definition and examplesTM cobots (Techman Robot)
German: TM-Cobots
In industrial robotics, TM cobots are the collaborative robot arms of the TM series from Techman Robot, a manufacturer based in Taiwan, which are known for a camera integrated in the robot wrist for vision-guided tasks; they have also been sold under other brands through partnerships.
Robotics · Vendor product
Definition and examplesTool changer
German: Werkzeugwechsler
In robotics, a tool changer is a coupling device between the robot flange and the end effector that lets the robot change tools automatically or manually, usually transferring compressed air, electrical signals and power through the coupling.
Robotics
Definition and examplesTrajectory planning
German: Bahnplanung
In robotics and motion control, trajectory planning is the computation of how a robot or axis moves from start to goal over time: the geometric path plus velocity, acceleration and jerk profiles, within the limits of the joints and the task.
Robotics
Definition and examplesVacuum gripper
German: Vakuumgreifer
In handling and robotics, a vacuum gripper is a gripper that holds objects by negative pressure through suction cups or foam pads, with the vacuum generated by an ejector using compressed air or by a vacuum pump.
Robotics
Definition and examplesWorkspace (robot)
ISO 8373German: Arbeitsraum
In robotics, the workspace is the space that the wrist reference point or tool of a robot can reach, as determined by its kinematics and joint limits. Robot safety standards also distinguish the maximum space, the restricted space limited by limiting devices and the operating space used by the task.
Robotics · Standards
Definition and examplesWorld coordinate system
ISO 9787German: Weltkoordinatensystem
In robotics, the world coordinate system is a stationary Cartesian coordinate system that serves as common reference for the robot, other robots and cell equipment; ISO 9787 relates it to the base, mechanical interface and tool coordinate systems.
Robotics
Definition and examples
Machine vision
3D vision
German: 3D-Bildverarbeitung
In machine vision, 3D vision is the acquisition and evaluation of three-dimensional shape information, such as depth maps or point clouds, using methods like stereo vision, laser triangulation, structured light or time-of-flight measurement.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesArea-scan camera
German: Flächenkamera
In machine vision, an area-scan camera is a camera whose image sensor has pixels arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, capturing a complete image of the field of view in one exposure.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesBacklighting
German: Hintergrundbeleuchtung
In machine vision, backlighting is an illumination technique in which the light source is placed behind the object, facing the camera, so the object appears as a dark silhouette against a bright background. It gives high-contrast edges for measurement and presence checks.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesBarcode reading
German: Barcode-Lesung
In machine vision and identification, barcode reading is the automatic decoding of one-dimensional barcodes and two-dimensional codes such as Data Matrix or QR codes, using laser scanners or camera-based code readers.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesBlob analysis
German: Blob-Analyse
In image processing, blob analysis identifies connected regions of pixels (blobs) that share a property, usually after thresholding, and measures features such as area, position, perimeter or shape for each region.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesBright-field illumination
German: Hellfeldbeleuchtung
In machine vision, bright-field illumination is a lighting arrangement in which light reflected directly from the object's surface reaches the camera, so flat, reflective areas appear bright and features that scatter light, such as scratches or engravings, appear dark.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesCamera
German: Kamera
In machine vision, a camera is the device that converts light from the scene, focused by a lens, into a digital image using an image sensor, and transmits it to a processing unit through an interface such as GigE Vision or USB3 Vision.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesCamera-based inspection
German: Kamerabasierte Inspektion
In manufacturing, camera-based inspection is the automated checking of products or process results from camera images, for example for presence, completeness, dimensions, surface defects or correct labeling, with the result used to accept, reject or sort parts.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesCCD sensor
German: CCD-Sensor
In imaging, a CCD (charge-coupled device) sensor is an image sensor that converts light into charge in each pixel and shifts the charges across the chip to a small number of output amplifiers for readout. It was long the standard for high-quality industrial cameras.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesCMOS sensor
German: CMOS-Sensor
In imaging, a CMOS sensor is an image sensor made in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology in which each pixel has its own amplifier and the conversion to digital values happens on the chip. It is available with rolling or global shutter.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesColor camera
German: Farbkamera
In machine vision, a color camera is a camera that captures color information, usually with a single sensor covered by a color filter array (Bayer pattern) whose values are interpolated into RGB pixels, or with separate sensors per color channel.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesCompleteness check
German: Vollständigkeitsprüfung
In manufacturing and machine vision, a completeness check verifies that all required components, features or items are present in an assembly, package or kit, typically by checking a list of expected features at defined positions.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesDark-field illumination
German: Dunkelfeldbeleuchtung
In machine vision, dark-field illumination is a lighting arrangement in which light strikes the object at a low angle so that directly reflected light misses the camera; flat surfaces appear dark and features that scatter light, such as scratches, edges or embossing, appear bright.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesDefect detection
German: Fehlererkennung
In manufacturing and machine vision, defect detection is the automated identification of deviations such as scratches, cracks, dents, contamination or missing features on products, using rule-based image processing or machine learning models trained on examples.
Machine vision · AI
Definition and examplesDepth of field
German: Schärfentiefe
In optics and machine vision, depth of field is the range of object distances within which the image is acceptably sharp for the task. It increases with a smaller aperture (higher f-number), a longer working distance and a larger acceptable blur.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesEdge detection
German: Kantenerkennung
In image processing, edge detection locates positions where image brightness changes sharply, which usually correspond to object boundaries; the results are used for measurement, alignment and feature extraction.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesExposure time
German: Belichtungszeit
In imaging, exposure time is the period during which the image sensor collects light for one image. Longer exposure gives brighter images but causes motion blur when the object moves; shorter exposure needs more light or gain.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesField of view
German: Sichtfeld
In machine vision, the field of view is the area of the object plane that the camera captures in one image, determined by the sensor size, the lens focal length and the working distance.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesFrame rate
German: Bildrate
In imaging, frame rate is the number of images a camera can capture and transmit per second, usually given in frames per second (fps). It depends on sensor readout, exposure time, region of interest and interface bandwidth.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesImage acquisition
German: Bilderfassung
In machine vision, image acquisition is the process of capturing an image and making it available to the processing software, including triggering, exposure, sensor readout and transfer over the camera interface.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesImage preprocessing
German: Bildvorverarbeitung
In image processing, image preprocessing is the set of operations applied to a raw image before analysis to improve it for the task, such as noise filtering, contrast adjustment, distortion correction, color conversion or morphological operations.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesImage processing
German: Bildverarbeitung
In machine vision and computing, image processing is the computational treatment of digital images to enhance them or extract information, such as positions, dimensions, codes, text or defects; in industrial use it is the software core of machine vision.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesImage sensor
German: Bildsensor
In imaging, an image sensor is the semiconductor device in a camera that converts incoming light into electrical signals for each pixel, forming a digital image. CMOS sensors dominate today; CCD sensors are found in older equipment.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesiRVision (FANUC)
German: iRVision
In industrial robotics, iRVision is the machine vision function integrated into FANUC robot controllers, used for 2D and 3D vision guidance, part location and inspection, configured through the robot's own interface.
Machine vision · Vendor product
Definition and examplesLaser triangulation
German: Lasertriangulation
In measurement and 3D vision, laser triangulation determines distance or surface profile by projecting a laser point or line onto the object and observing it with a camera at a known angle; the position of the laser in the image gives the height.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesLine-scan camera
German: Zeilenkamera
In machine vision, a line-scan camera is a camera whose sensor has one or a few rows of pixels; it captures one line per exposure and builds a two-dimensional image from successive lines as the object moves past, synchronized by an encoder or clock.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesMachine vision
German: Industrielle Bildverarbeitung
In industrial automation, machine vision is the use of cameras, lighting, optics and image processing to automatically inspect, measure, identify or guide in manufacturing and logistics, with results passed to the machine or plant control.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesMonochrome camera
German: Monochromkamera
In machine vision, a monochrome camera is a camera that records only brightness (gray values) without color filters, giving higher sensitivity and full effective resolution compared with a color camera using the same sensor.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesO3D camera (ifm)
German: O3D-Kamera
In industrial sensing, the O3D cameras are 3D sensors from ifm that measure distance per pixel with the time-of-flight principle and provide depth images for tasks such as volume measurement, level detection, presence checks and object positioning.
Machine vision · Vendor product
Definition and examplesOptical character recognition (OCR)
German: Optische Zeichenerkennung (OCR)
In machine vision and document processing, optical character recognition (OCR) is the automatic conversion of printed, marked or handwritten characters in an image into machine-readable text. In production it reads batch codes, dates and serial numbers on products and labels.
Machine vision · AI
Definition and examplesOptical character verification (OCV)
German: Optische Zeichenprüfung (OCV)
In machine vision, optical character verification (OCV) checks that a known, expected text string is present and correctly printed, usually by comparing each character with a trained reference and grading its quality.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesPattern matching
German: Mustervergleich
In image processing, pattern matching is a method that locates a trained reference pattern (template or model) in an image and reports its position, rotation, scale and a match score, used for part location, alignment and robot guidance.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesPixel resolution
German: Pixelauflösung
In machine vision, pixel resolution is either the number of pixels of an image sensor (for example 2448 x 2048) or, more usefully for applications, the size of the object area one pixel represents, obtained by dividing the field of view by the pixel count.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesPresence check
German: Anwesenheitsprüfung
In manufacturing and machine vision, a presence check verifies whether a specific part or feature is present at an expected position, using a camera, a sensor or a simple image processing tool, and reports a binary result.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesSmart camera
German: Smart-Kamera
In machine vision, a smart camera is a camera with integrated image processing, inputs and outputs and a communication interface, so it can acquire images, evaluate them and report results to the control system without a separate vision computer.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesStereo vision
German: Stereovision
In 3D vision, stereo vision computes depth by comparing images from two or more cameras viewing the scene from different positions; the displacement (disparity) of corresponding points between the images gives their distance.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesStrobe lighting
German: Blitzbeleuchtung
In machine vision, strobe lighting is illumination that emits short, intense light pulses synchronized with the camera exposure, freezing the motion of moving objects and suppressing ambient light.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesStructured light
German: Strukturiertes Licht
In 3D vision, structured light is a measuring method that projects known patterns, such as stripes or dot grids, onto the object and computes surface shape from how the camera sees the patterns deformed by the surface.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesTelecentric lens
German: Telezentrisches Objektiv
In optics for machine vision, a telecentric lens is a lens whose chief rays are parallel to the optical axis on the object side, so magnification stays constant within a defined distance range and perspective distortion is eliminated. The front lens must be at least as large as the field of view.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesTime-of-flight camera
German: Time-of-Flight-Kamera
In 3D vision, a time-of-flight camera measures the distance for each pixel from the travel time of emitted light, either directly by timing light pulses or indirectly by measuring the phase shift of modulated light, and outputs a depth image.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesTwinCAT Vision (Beckhoff)
German: TwinCAT Vision
In industrial automation, TwinCAT Vision is Beckhoff's image processing product that integrates machine vision into the TwinCAT 3 automation software, so that camera configuration is done in the engineering environment and image processing functions are called from the PLC program in the real-time runtime.
Machine vision · Vendor product
Definition and examplesVision system
German: Bildverarbeitungssystem
In industrial automation, a vision system is the complete set of components that performs a machine vision task: lighting, optics, one or more cameras, processing hardware and software, and the interface to the machine control.
Machine vision
Definition and examplesWorking distance
German: Arbeitsabstand
In machine vision and optics, working distance is the distance between the front of the lens (or the sensor housing) and the object surface being imaged or measured; together with focal length and sensor size it determines the field of view.
Machine vision
Definition and examples
CNC and machine tools
Block number
ISO 6983-1German: Satznummer
In CNC programming, a block number is the optional sequence number at the start of a program block, written with the address letter N, that identifies the block within an NC program.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesComputer numerical control (CNC)
ISO 2806German: Computerized Numerical Control (CNC)
In machine tools, computer numerical control (CNC) is numerical control in which a built-in computer stores and interprets the part program and calculates the axis movements, so programs can be edited, stored and corrected at the machine.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesFeed rate
German: Vorschubgeschwindigkeit
In machining, the feed rate is the speed at which the tool moves relative to the workpiece along the programmed path, typically given in millimeters or inches per minute, or per spindle revolution.
CNC
Definition and examplesG-code
ISO 6983-1German: G-Code
In CNC programming, a G-code is a preparatory function, written with the address letter G and a number, that tells the control how to perform the following movement or which mode to use, for example linear interpolation (G01) or circular interpolation (G02, G03).
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesM-code
ISO 6983-1German: M-Code
In CNC programming, an M-code is a miscellaneous function, written with the address letter M and a number, that switches machine functions such as spindle start and stop, coolant, tool change or program end.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesMachine coordinate system
ISO 841German: Maschinenkoordinatensystem
In CNC machine tools, the machine coordinate system is the coordinate system fixed to the machine, with its origin at the machine zero point defined by the machine builder, to which all other coordinate systems are referenced.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesModal command
ISO 6983-1German: Modaler Befehl
In CNC programming, a modal command is a function or value that stays in effect after the block in which it is programmed until it is canceled or replaced by another command of the same group.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesNC program
German: NC-Programm
In machine tools, an NC program is the sequence of program blocks that a numerical control executes to move the axes and switch machine functions, typically written in G-code and M-code.
CNC
Definition and examplesNonmodal command
ISO 6983-1German: Nichtmodaler Befehl
In CNC programming, a nonmodal command is a function that is effective only in the block in which it is programmed and does not change the active state of the control for the following blocks.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesNumerical control (NC)
ISO 2806German: Numerische Steuerung
In industrial automation, numerical control (NC) is the automatic control of a machine by numerical data, entered as a program, that defines positions, paths, speeds and machine functions.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesPart program
ISO 2806German: Teileprogramm
In numerical control, a part program is the NC program that contains all instructions for machining a specific part on a specific machine, including movements, tool calls and machine functions.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesProgram block (NC)
ISO 6983-1German: Programmsatz
In CNC programming, a program block is one line of an NC program, made up of words such as the block number, preparatory functions, coordinates, feed rate, spindle speed and miscellaneous functions, which the control processes as a unit.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesSpindle speed
German: Spindeldrehzahl
In machine tools, the spindle speed is the rotational speed of the main spindle, usually given in revolutions per minute (rpm) and programmed in CNC with the address letter S.
CNC
Definition and examplesTool center point (TCP)
ISO 8373German: Werkzeugmittelpunkt (TCP)
In robotics and multi-axis machining, the tool center point (TCP) is the reference point defined on the tool, such as the tip of a welding torch or the center of a cutter, whose position and orientation the control programs and monitors.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examplesTool coordinate system
German: Werkzeugkoordinatensystem
In robotics and CNC machining, the tool coordinate system is the coordinate system attached to the tool, with its origin usually at the tool center point, that describes the tool's position and orientation.
CNC
Definition and examplesTool offset
German: Werkzeugkorrektur
In CNC machining, a tool offset is a stored correction value for the dimensions of a tool, such as its length, radius or wear, that the control applies so the programmed path yields the correct part dimensions.
CNC
Definition and examplesTool wear
German: Werkzeugverschleiß
In machining, tool wear is the gradual loss of material and shape of a cutting tool during use, for example flank wear or crater wear, which changes part dimensions, surface quality and cutting forces.
CNC
Definition and examplesWork offset
German: Werkstücknullpunktverschiebung
In CNC machining, a work offset is a stored shift from the machine zero point to the workpiece zero point, selected in the program (for example with G54 to G59), that defines the workpiece coordinate system.
CNC
Definition and examplesWorkpiece coordinate system
ISO 841German: Werkstückkoordinatensystem
In CNC machining, the workpiece coordinate system is the coordinate system whose origin is set at the workpiece zero point, so the part program can use coordinates taken from the part drawing.
CNC · Standards
Definition and examples
Packaging and intralogistics
Accumulation conveyor
German: Stauförderer
In intralogistics, an accumulation conveyor is a conveyor that can hold products in a queue without stopping the whole line, either with low line pressure or with zero pressure by stopping each zone separately.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesAutomated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)
German: Automatisches Lager- und Bereitstellungssystem (AS/RS)
In intralogistics, an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS) is a computer-controlled system that stores and retrieves loads in racks without manual handling, using equipment such as stacker cranes, shuttles or robots.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesBelt conveyor
German: Gurtförderer
In intralogistics and material handling, a belt conveyor is a conveyor in which an endless belt, driven by a drum and supported by rollers or a slider bed, carries products or bulk material.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCartoner
German: Kartonierer
In packaging, a cartoner is a packaging machine that forms folding cartons from flat blanks, fills them with products such as blister packs, bottles or pouches, and closes them by tucking or gluing.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCase erector
German: Kartonaufrichter
In packaging, a case erector is a packaging machine that takes flat corrugated case blanks from a magazine, opens them into boxes and closes the bottom flaps with tape or hot-melt glue, ready for filling.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCase packer
German: Sammelpacker
In packaging, a case packer is a packaging machine that groups products or primary packs and places them into shipping cases or trays, using top loading, side loading or wraparound methods.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCase sealer
German: Kartonverschließer
In packaging, a case sealer is a packaging machine that folds and closes the top flaps, and on some models the bottom flaps, of filled corrugated cases with tape or hot-melt glue.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesChain conveyor
German: Kettenförderer
In material handling, a chain conveyor is a conveyor in which one or more driven chains carry or drag the loads, used for heavy loads such as pallets or for products that need a firm, positive drive.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCharging station (mobile robots)
German: Ladestation
In intralogistics, a charging station for mobile robots is a fixed installation where automated guided vehicles (AGVs) or autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) recharge their batteries automatically, through contacts or inductive transfer.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCheckweigher
OIML R 51German: Kontrollwaage
In packaging, a checkweigher is an automatic weighing instrument that weighs every package in a moving line and rejects packages whose weight is outside set limits.
Intralogistics · Standards
Definition and examplesConveyor control
German: Fördertechniksteuerung
In intralogistics, conveyor control is the control system, usually PLC-based, that drives conveyor motors, reads sensors and scanners, manages zones, merges and diverts, and exchanges transport orders with higher-level systems.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesConveyor system
German: Fördersystem
In material handling, a conveyor system is an installation of connected conveyors, transfer units and controls that moves goods continuously or intermittently along fixed routes.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesCross-belt sorter
German: Quergurtsorter
In intralogistics, a cross-belt sorter is a sorter made of a loop of carriers, each with a small belt conveyor running across the direction of travel, that discharges items to either side at the assigned destination.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesDepalletizer
German: Depalettierer
In packaging and intralogistics, a depalletizer is a machine that removes products, cases or containers layer by layer or unit by unit from a pallet and feeds them onto a conveyor.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesDiverter
German: Ausschleuser
In intralogistics, a diverter is a conveyor device that moves selected items from the main conveyor onto a branch line, for example with a pusher, swing arm, pop-up wheels or belts.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesFleet management system
German: Flottenmanagementsystem
In intralogistics, a fleet management system is the software that coordinates a fleet of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) or autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) by assigning transport orders, planning missions and routes, managing traffic and scheduling charging.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesForm-fill-seal machine
German: Form-Fill-Seal-Maschine
In packaging, a form-fill-seal machine is a packaging machine that forms packages from flat film or web material, fills them with product and seals them in one continuous process.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesHigh-bay warehouse
German: Hochregallager
In intralogistics, a high-bay warehouse is a warehouse with tall pallet racks, often more than 12 meters high, typically operated automatically by stacker cranes and sometimes built as a rack-supported building.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesHorizontal form-fill-seal (HFFS)
German: Horizontale Schlauchbeutelmaschine (HFFS)
In packaging, a horizontal form-fill-seal (HFFS) machine forms film into a horizontal tube or pouch around products moving along a horizontal path, then seals and cuts the individual packages.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesLabel applicator
German: Etikettierer
In packaging, a label applicator is a machine or module that applies labels to products or packages, often printing variable data such as batch numbers, dates or barcodes just before application.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesMerge conveyor
German: Zusammenführförderer
In intralogistics, a merge conveyor is a conveyor section that combines items from two or more incoming lines onto one outgoing line, controlling gaps and priorities so items don't collide.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesMetal detector
German: Metalldetektor
In food, pharmaceutical and packaging lines, a metal detector is an inspection device that detects ferrous, non-ferrous and stainless steel contaminants in products passing through its aperture and triggers their rejection.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesMiniload system
German: Kleinteilelagersystem
In intralogistics, a miniload system is an automated storage and retrieval system for small loads such as totes, trays or cartons, usually served by light, fast stacker cranes or shuttles.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesMission planning
German: Missionsplanung
In intralogistics, mission planning is the function of a fleet management system that turns transport orders into missions for mobile robots or AGVs, including vehicle selection, sequence of actions and route.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesOverhead conveyor
German: Hängeförderer
In material handling, an overhead conveyor is a conveyor mounted on a ceiling or steel structure that carries goods suspended from trolleys, hooks or pockets along a rail.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesPackaging machine
German: Verpackungsmaschine
In manufacturing, a packaging machine is a machine that performs one or more packaging functions, such as forming, filling, closing, wrapping, labeling, grouping or palletizing, on products or packages.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesPalletizer
German: Palettierer
In packaging and intralogistics, a palletizer is a machine that stacks cases, bags or other packages onto a pallet in a defined layer pattern to form a stable unit load.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesPrimary packaging
German: Primärverpackung
In packaging, primary packaging is the packaging in direct contact with the product, such as a bottle, blister, pouch or can, which protects and contains the product and often carries the consumer information.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesRoller conveyor
German: Rollenförderer
In material handling, a roller conveyor is a conveyor in which loads rest on a series of rollers, either unpowered (gravity) or driven by belts, chains or motorized rollers.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesSecondary packaging
German: Sekundärverpackung
In packaging, secondary packaging is the packaging that groups or surrounds one or more primary packages, such as a folding carton, shrink bundle or display tray, for handling, retail display or additional protection.
Intralogistics
Definition and examples- Working term
Serialization aggregation
German: Serialisierungsaggregation
In packaging, serialization aggregation is the recording of parent-child relationships between serialized units and the containers they are packed into, for example which serial numbers are in which case and which cases are on which pallet.
Intralogistics
Definition and examples Shoe sorter
German: Schuhsorter
In intralogistics, a shoe sorter is a sorter made of a slat conveyor with sliding shoes that move diagonally across the slats to push items gently onto the assigned exit lane.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesShuttle system
German: Shuttle-System
In intralogistics, a shuttle system is an automated storage and retrieval system in which rail-guided vehicles travel along the rack levels to store and retrieve loads, while lifts move the loads between levels.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesSorter
German: Sortieranlage
In intralogistics, a sorter is an automated conveyor system that identifies items, usually by scanning, and distributes them at high rates to many destinations such as chutes, lanes or containers.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesStacker crane
EN 528German: Regalbediengerät
In intralogistics, a stacker crane is a rail-guided storage and retrieval machine with a mast and a lifting carriage that travels along a rack aisle and stores and retrieves loads at any rack position.
Intralogistics · Standards
Definition and examplesTertiary packaging
German: Tertiärverpackung
In packaging, tertiary packaging is the packaging used to handle, store and transport larger quantities of secondary packages, such as pallets, stretch film, corner boards and shipping labels forming a unit load.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesTraffic management (mobile robots)
German: Verkehrsmanagement
In intralogistics, traffic management is the function of a fleet management system that coordinates the movements of AGVs or mobile robots at runtime, for example at intersections, narrow passages, doors and elevators, to prevent deadlocks and collisions between vehicles.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesTray packer
German: Traypacker
In packaging, a tray packer is a packaging machine that forms trays from flat corrugated blanks around a group of products or places products into preformed trays, often followed by shrink wrapping.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesVertical form-fill-seal (VFFS)
German: Vertikale Schlauchbeutelmaschine (VFFS)
In packaging, a vertical form-fill-seal (VFFS) machine forms film into a vertical tube around a forming shoulder, fills product into it from above, usually by gravity, and seals and cuts individual bags.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesWarehouse control system (WCS)
German: Lagersteuerungssystem (WCS)
In intralogistics, a warehouse control system (WCS) is the software layer that controls and coordinates automated material handling equipment such as conveyors, sorters, AS/RS and mobile robots, based on orders from a warehouse management system.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesWarehouse execution system (WES)
German: Warehouse Execution System (WES)
In intralogistics, a warehouse execution system (WES) is software that orchestrates warehouse work in real time across people, automation and robots, combining order release and workload balancing with parts of warehouse control.
Intralogistics
Definition and examplesWarehouse management system (WMS)
German: Lagerverwaltungssystem (WMS)
In logistics, a warehouse management system (WMS) is software that manages inventory, storage locations and warehouse processes such as goods receipt, putaway, picking, packing and shipping.
Intralogistics
Definition and examples
Manufacturing systems
Adaptive manufacturing
German: Adaptive Fertigung
In manufacturing, adaptive manufacturing is an approach in which production processes, parameters or sequences adjust automatically or semi-automatically to changing conditions, such as material variation, tool wear, demand or product variants, based on measured data.
Manufacturing systems · AI
Definition and examplesAssembly line
German: Montagelinie
In manufacturing, an assembly line is a production line in which a product is assembled step by step at a sequence of workstations, with the product moving between them manually or by conveyor, often paced by a takt time.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesAvailability loss
German: Verfügbarkeitsverlust
In OEE analysis, availability loss is the share of planned production time lost because equipment is not running, for example due to breakdowns, changeovers, material shortages or waiting.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesBatch management
German: Chargenmanagement
In manufacturing and logistics, batch management is the identification and administration of material and products in batches or lots, so that their origin, properties, status and use can be traced and controlled.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesBill of materials (BOM)
German: Stückliste
In manufacturing, a bill of materials (BOM) is the structured list of components, assemblies, raw materials and quantities needed to make a product, often organized in levels that reflect the product structure.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesBottleneck
German: Engpass
In manufacturing, a bottleneck is the resource, such as a machine, station or process step, whose capacity limits the throughput of the whole production system.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesComputer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
German: Computergestützte Fertigung (CAM)
In manufacturing, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to plan and program manufacturing operations, in particular to generate tool paths and NC programs from CAD geometry through a postprocessor.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesComputer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
German: Computerintegrierte Fertigung (CIM)
In manufacturing, computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the concept of integrating all computer-supported functions of a company, from design and planning to production control and quality, through shared data and communication.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examples- Working term
Control quality
German: Regelgüte
In control engineering, control quality is the measure of how well a closed control loop follows its setpoint and rejects disturbances, assessed with criteria such as overshoot, settling time, steady-state error and integral error measures.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examples Cycle time
German: Zykluszeit
In manufacturing, cycle time is the time a machine, station or process needs to complete one cycle, such as producing one part or one batch, from the start of one unit to the start of the next.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesEnterprise resource planning (ERP)
German: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
In business and manufacturing IT, enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the integrated software that manages a company's core business processes, such as finance, purchasing, sales, inventory, production planning and human resources, on a common database.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesFirst-pass yield (FPY)
ISO 22400-2German: Gutquote im ersten Durchlauf (FPY)
In manufacturing, first-pass yield (FPY) is the proportion of units that pass a process step or the whole process correctly the first time, without rework, repair or scrap.
Manufacturing systems · Standards
Definition and examplesFlexible manufacturing system (FMS)
German: Flexibles Fertigungssystem (FMS)
In manufacturing, a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a group of numerically controlled machine tools linked by automated material handling and a central control, able to machine different parts in varying order and quantity with little manual intervention.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesProduct genealogy
German: Produktgenealogie
In manufacturing, product genealogy is the record of which materials, components, batches, equipment, process data and operators were involved in making a specific product unit or batch.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesInline quality control
German: Inline-Qualitätskontrolle
In manufacturing, inline quality control is the inspection or measurement of products or process characteristics directly within the production flow, often for every unit, so deviations are detected and acted on without taking samples to a lab.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesLot tracking
German: Chargenverfolgung
In manufacturing and logistics, lot tracking is the recording and following of production lots or batches through receipt, production, storage and distribution, so affected products can be located forward and origins traced backward.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesManufacturing execution system (MES)
IEC 62264German: Manufacturing Execution System (MES)
In manufacturing, a manufacturing execution system (MES) is the software that manages and documents production execution on the shop floor, including order dispatching, material tracking, data collection, quality and performance analysis, between business planning and control systems.
Manufacturing systems · Standards
Definition and examplesModular production
German: Modulare Produktion
In manufacturing and process engineering, modular production is the construction of production systems from standardized, self-contained modules with defined mechanical, electrical and information interfaces, so that the system can be configured, expanded or rearranged quickly.
Manufacturing systems · Process industry
Definition and examplesOverall equipment effectiveness (OEE)
ISO 22400-2German: Gesamtanlageneffektivität (OEE)
In manufacturing, overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a key performance indicator that measures how effectively equipment is used during planned production time, calculated as availability × performance × quality.
Manufacturing systems · Standards
Definition and examplesPerformance loss
German: Leistungsverlust
In OEE analysis, performance loss is the production lost while equipment is running, because it runs slower than its ideal cycle time or has short stops and idling that are not recorded as downtime.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesPredictive quality
German: Predictive Quality
In manufacturing, predictive quality is the use of process, machine and material data, often with machine learning models, to predict the quality of products before or instead of measuring it, so processes can be adjusted or parts checked selectively.
Manufacturing systems · AI
Definition and examplesProduct lifecycle management (PLM)
German: Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)
In manufacturing, product lifecycle management (PLM) is the management of product data and processes across the product lifecycle, from requirements and design through production and service to retirement, typically supported by a PLM software system.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesProduction flexibility
German: Produktionsflexibilität
In manufacturing, production flexibility is the ability of a production system to handle changes in product mix, variants, volume or process with limited time, cost and quality loss.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesProduction line
German: Produktionslinie
In manufacturing, a production line is a set of machines and workstations arranged in sequence, linked by material handling, through which products pass to be manufactured, assembled or packaged.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesProduction planning
German: Produktionsplanung
In manufacturing, production planning is the medium- to long-term planning of what to produce, in which quantities and when, based on demand, capacity and material availability, typically done in the ERP system.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesProduction scheduling
German: Produktionsfeinplanung
In manufacturing, production scheduling is the short-term assignment and sequencing of work orders to specific machines, lines and times, taking into account capacity, setup times, material and due dates.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesQuality documentation
German: Qualitätsdokumentation
In manufacturing, quality documentation is the controlled set of documents and records that describe the quality management system and prove that products and processes meet requirements, such as procedures, work instructions, inspection plans, test records and certificates.
Manufacturing systems · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesQuality loss
German: Qualitätsverlust
In OEE analysis, quality loss is the production time lost to units that do not meet quality requirements the first time, including scrap and units that need rework, and in some definitions start-up rejects.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesQuality management
ISO 9000German: Qualitätsmanagement
In organizations, quality management is the coordinated set of activities to direct and control an organization with regard to quality, including quality policy, objectives, planning, control, assurance and improvement.
Manufacturing systems · Standards
Definition and examplesReconfigurable manufacturing system
German: Rekonfigurierbares Fertigungssystem
In manufacturing, a reconfigurable manufacturing system is a production system designed from the outset for rapid changes in structure, hardware and software, so its capacity and functionality can be adjusted to new products or demand.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesRework
German: Nacharbeit
In manufacturing, rework is the action taken on a nonconforming product to make it conform to the requirements, for example by reprocessing, repairing or replacing parts, followed by renewed inspection.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesRouting (manufacturing)
German: Arbeitsplan
In manufacturing, a routing is the master data record that defines the sequence of operations to make a product, with the work center, setup and processing times, and instructions for each operation.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesScrap rate
ISO 22400-2German: Ausschussquote
In manufacturing, the scrap rate is the proportion of produced units or material that fails quality requirements and cannot be reworked, and is therefore discarded or recycled.
Manufacturing systems · Standards
Definition and examplesSerialization
German: Serialisierung
In manufacturing and packaging, serialization is the assignment of a unique serial number to each individual product or package, usually encoded in a data carrier such as a 2D barcode, so each unit can be identified, verified and traced.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesShop-floor control
German: Fertigungssteuerung
In manufacturing, shop-floor control is the set of activities that release, dispatch, monitor and report work orders on the shop floor so production follows the plan and deviations are handled.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesSmart manufacturing
German: Smart Manufacturing
In manufacturing, smart manufacturing is the use of networked equipment, integrated data, analytics and AI to monitor, control and optimize production and supply chains, often across the whole product and plant lifecycle.
Manufacturing systems · AI
Definition and examplesTakt time
German: Taktzeit
In lean manufacturing, takt time is the available production time divided by the customer demand in that period, giving the rate at which one unit must be completed to meet demand.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesThroughput
German: Durchsatz
In manufacturing and logistics, throughput is the number of good units, orders or amount of material a system processes per unit of time.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesWork cell
German: Fertigungszelle
In manufacturing, a work cell is a grouping of machines, equipment and often robots, arranged around one or a few related operations or a part family, usually with its own material handling and safeguarding.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesWork center
German: Arbeitsplatz
In manufacturing planning, a work center is a production resource or group of resources, such as a machine, line or group of workplaces, defined in the ERP system with its capacity, costs and scheduling data, at which operations are carried out.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesWork in process (WIP)
German: Umlaufbestand
In manufacturing, work in process (WIP) is the material and partly finished products that have entered production but are not yet finished goods, including items waiting between operations.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examplesWork order
German: Fertigungsauftrag
In manufacturing, a work order is the instruction to produce a specified quantity of a product by a specified date, derived from planning and containing the relevant BOM, routing and material requirements.
Manufacturing systems
Definition and examples
Batch and process operations
Batch record
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-4German: Chargenprotokoll
In batch manufacturing, a batch record is the collection of information about the production of one batch, such as the recipe used, materials and quantities, process values, events, operator actions, deviations and approvals. ISA-88 Part 4 (IEC 61512-4) defines a reference model for batch production records.
Batch control · Process industry
Definition and examplesClean-in-place (CIP)
German: Cleaning in Place (CIP)
In process plants, clean-in-place (CIP) is the automated cleaning of the interior surfaces of tanks, pipes and process equipment without disassembly, by circulating rinse water and cleaning solutions under controlled time, temperature, concentration and flow.
Batch control · Process industry
Definition and examplesControl module (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Control Module
In ISA-88 batch control, a control module is the lowest level grouping of equipment in the physical model that can carry out basic control, such as a single valve with its limit switches, a motor with its starter or a regulating loop.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesEquipment module (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Equipment Module
In ISA-88 batch control, an equipment module is a functional group of equipment that can carry out a finite number of specific minor processing activities, such as dosing, weighing or heating. It is typically centered on a piece of process equipment and may contain control modules and other equipment modules.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesISA-88 physical model
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Physisches Modell nach ISA-88
In ISA-88 batch control, the physical model is the hierarchical model of an enterprise's physical assets, with the levels enterprise, site, area, process cell, unit, equipment module and control module. The lower four levels are defined by engineering for batch control.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesISA-88 procedural model
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Prozedurmodell nach ISA-88
In ISA-88 batch control, the procedural control model is the hierarchy of procedural elements used to describe how a batch is made: procedure, unit procedure, operation and phase.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesOperation (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Operation
In ISA-88 batch control, an operation is a procedural element defining an independent processing activity that consists of the algorithm needed to initiate, organize and control phases. An operation usually runs to completion within one unit.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesPhase (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Phase
In ISA-88 batch control, a phase is the lowest level of procedural element in the procedural control model. It carries out a process-oriented action, such as dosing, heating or agitating, and may be subdivided into steps and transitions.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesProcedural control (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Prozedursteuerung
In ISA-88 batch control, procedural control is control that directs equipment-oriented actions to take place in an ordered sequence in order to carry out a process-oriented task. It is one of the three types of control in ISA-88, alongside basic control and coordination control.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesProcedural element (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Prozedurelement
In ISA-88 batch control, a procedural element is a building block for procedural control, defined by the procedural control model: a procedure, unit procedure, operation or phase.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesProcess cell
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Prozesszelle
In ISA-88 batch control, a process cell is a logical grouping of equipment that includes the equipment required for the production of one or more batches. It defines the span of logical control of one set of process equipment within an area.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesRecipe operation
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Rezeptoperation
In ISA-88 batch control, a recipe operation is the part of a recipe procedure that corresponds to the operation level of the procedural model. It contains recipe phases and defines their order and parameters for an independent processing activity.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesRecipe phase
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Rezeptphase
In ISA-88 batch control, a recipe phase is the lowest level of a recipe procedure. It specifies a process-oriented action and its parameters, and is linked at run time to an equipment phase that carries it out.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesRecipe procedure
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Rezeptprozedur
In ISA-88 batch control, a recipe procedure is the part of a recipe that defines the strategy for producing a batch. It is the highest level of the recipe's procedural hierarchy and consists of recipe unit procedures, recipe operations and recipe phases.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesRecipe unit procedure
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Rezept-Teilanlagenprozedur
In ISA-88 batch control, a recipe unit procedure is the part of a recipe procedure that corresponds to the unit procedure level: an ordered set of recipe operations carried out within one unit.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesSequence table
German: Ablauftabelle
In process control engineering, a sequence table is a tabular way of defining a sequence, in which rows or columns represent steps and the table specifies the conditions for each step and the actions or outputs set in it.
Batch control
Definition and examplesUnit (ISA-88)
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Teilanlage
In ISA-88 batch control, a unit is a collection of associated control modules, equipment modules and other process equipment in which one or more major processing activities, such as reacting, crystallizing or mixing, can be conducted. A unit typically operates on only one batch at a time.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examplesUnit procedure
ISA-88 / IEC 61512-1German: Teilanlagenprozedur
In ISA-88 batch control, a unit procedure is a strategy for carrying out a contiguous process within a unit. It consists of an ordered set of operations that cause the contiguous production sequence to take place within that unit.
Batch control · Process industry · Standards
Definition and examples
MES and ISA-95
Business to Manufacturing Markup Language (B2MML)
German: Business to Manufacturing Markup Language (B2MML)
In manufacturing IT, the Business to Manufacturing Markup Language (B2MML) is a set of XML schemas published by MESA International that implement the ISA-95 / IEC 62264 object models, so that business systems such as ERP and manufacturing systems such as MES can exchange ISA-95 information in a common format.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesEnterprise-control system integration
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Integration von Unternehmens- und Steuerungssystemen
In manufacturing IT, enterprise-control system integration is the integration of business planning and logistics systems (Level 4, such as ERP) with manufacturing operations and control systems (Levels 3 and below, such as MES and control systems). It is the subject and title of the standard series ANSI/ISA-95 and IEC 62264.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesIEC 62264
IEC 62264German: IEC 62264
IEC 62264, Enterprise-control system integration, is an international standard series based on ANSI/ISA-95 that defines models and terminology for integrating business systems with manufacturing operations and control systems. Its parts cover, among others, models and terminology, object models and attributes, and activity models of manufacturing operations management.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesInventory operations management
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Bestandsmanagement
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, inventory operations management is one of the four main categories of manufacturing operations management at Level 3. It covers the activities that manage and track the storage and movement of materials within manufacturing operations, such as receiving, storing, transferring and staging materials and products between production areas.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesISA-95 hierarchy
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: ISA-95-Hierarchie
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, the functional hierarchy divides manufacturing functions into levels: Level 0 the physical process, Level 1 sensing and manipulating, Level 2 monitoring and supervisory control, Level 3 manufacturing operations management and Level 4 business planning and logistics.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesMaintenance operations management
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Instandhaltungsmanagement
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, maintenance operations management is one of the four main categories of manufacturing operations management at Level 3. It covers the activities that coordinate, direct and track the functions that maintain equipment, tools and related assets, so that they are available for manufacturing, including planned, preventive, corrective and condition-based maintenance.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesManufacturing operations management (MOM)
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM)
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, manufacturing operations management (MOM) is the set of Level 3 activities that coordinate personnel, equipment, material and energy to convert raw materials or parts into products. It is divided into production, maintenance, quality and inventory operations management.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesOperations capability
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Betriebsfähigkeit
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, operations capability is the information about the capability of personnel, equipment, material and physical asset resources to perform manufacturing operations over a defined time, including committed, available and unattainable capacity. Production capability is its production-specific form.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesOperations definition
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Betriebsdefinition
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, an operations definition is the information that defines how a manufacturing operation is performed, including the resources (personnel, equipment, material) and the segments or steps it requires. Production definition, often called product definition, is its production-specific form.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesOperations performance
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Betriebsleistung
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, operations performance is the information reporting the results of performed manufacturing operations, such as actual quantities, resources used, times and status, in response to an operations schedule. Production performance is its production-specific form.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesOperations schedule
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Betriebsplan
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, an operations schedule is a collection of requests for manufacturing operations to be performed, specifying what, how much and when, together with the required resources. Production schedule is its production-specific form.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesProduction capability
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Produktionsfähigkeit
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, production capability is the information about the resources available for production over a defined time, such as personnel, equipment and material, including committed, available and unattainable capacity. It is the production-specific form of operations capability.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesProduction definition
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Produktionsdefinition
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, production definition, called product definition information in the standard, is the information shared between business and manufacturing systems about how to make a product, such as the required materials, equipment, personnel and process segments. It is the production-specific form of operations definition.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesProduction operations management
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Produktionsbetriebsmanagement
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, production operations management is one of the four main categories of manufacturing operations management at Level 3. It covers the activities that coordinate, direct, manage and track the functions that use raw materials, energy, equipment, personnel and information to produce products with the required cost, quality, quantity, safety and timeliness.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesProduction performance
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Produktionsleistung
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, production performance is the information reporting the results of production in response to a production schedule, such as produced quantities, materials consumed, resources used, times and status. It is the production-specific form of operations performance.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesProduction schedule
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Produktionsplan
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, a production schedule is a collection of production requests sent to manufacturing, specifying which products to make, in what quantity, when and with which resources. It is the production-specific form of operations schedule.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesQuality operations management
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Qualitätsbetriebsmanagement
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264, quality operations management is one of the four main categories of manufacturing operations management at Level 3. It covers the activities that coordinate, direct and track the functions that measure and report on quality, including testing of materials and products, verification of test results against specifications, and release of materials and products.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesWork calendar
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Arbeitskalender
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264 object models, a work calendar defines time periods and their attributes, such as shifts, breaks, holidays and planned shutdowns, which can be associated with personnel, equipment and other resources for scheduling and performance calculation.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesWork master
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Arbeitsstamm
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264 models for Level 3 activities, a work master is a template that defines how a specific piece of work is done, including the required resources, parameters and work instructions. Job orders are created from work masters.
MES · Standards
Definition and examplesWork performance
ISA-95 / IEC 62264German: Arbeitsleistung
In ISA-95 / IEC 62264 models for Level 3 activities, work performance is the collection of responses reporting the results of executed work, such as job responses with actual resources, parameters, times and status.
MES · Standards
Definition and examples
Energy and utilities automation
Compressed-air monitoring
German: Druckluftüberwachung
In industrial energy management, compressed-air monitoring is the continuous measurement of compressed-air generation and consumption, such as flow, pressure, dew point and compressor power, to detect leaks, track efficiency and allocate consumption to machines or areas.
Energy
Definition and examplesEnergy baseline (EnB)
ISO 50001German: Energetische Ausgangsbasis
In ISO 50001 energy management, an energy baseline (EnB) is a quantitative reference that provides a basis for comparing energy performance. It reflects a specified period and can be normalized using variables that affect energy use, such as production volume or outdoor temperature.
Energy · Standards
Definition and examplesEnergy data management
German: Energiedatenmanagement
In industrial energy management, energy data management is the acquisition, validation, storage, aggregation and provision of energy consumption and related data, such as production volumes and weather, for analysis, reporting and billing.
Energy
Definition and examplesEnergy management system (EMS)
ISO 50001German: Energiemanagementsystem (EMS)
In ISO 50001, an energy management system is a management system used to establish an energy policy, objectives, energy targets and action plans, and the processes to achieve them. The term is also used for software that collects and analyzes energy data, and in power grids for control-center systems that manage generation and transmission.
Energy · Standards
Definition and examplesEnergy monitoring
German: Energieüberwachung
In industrial automation, energy monitoring is the continuous measurement and visualization of energy consumption, such as electricity, gas, compressed air, steam or heat, at plant, area, machine or device level, to make consumption transparent and detect deviations.
Energy
Definition and examplesEnergy performance indicator (EnPI)
ISO 50001German: Energiekennzahl (EnPI)
In energy management, an energy performance indicator (EnPI) is a measure or unit of energy performance, as defined by the organization. It can be a simple measured value, a ratio such as energy per unit of output, or a statistical or engineering model.
Energy · Standards
Definition and examplesEnergy performance indicator (ISO 50001)
ISO 50001German: Energiekennzahl nach ISO 50001
In ISO 50001, the energy performance indicator is a required element of the energy management system: the organization must determine EnPIs that are appropriate for measuring and monitoring its energy performance, compare their values with the corresponding energy baseline and document the method for determining and updating them.
Energy · Standards
Definition and examplesLoad management
German: Lastmanagement
In energy management, load management is the deliberate control of electrical loads, by shifting, reducing or switching them, to limit peak demand, use cheaper or more available energy, or support grid stability.
Energy
Definition and examplesPeak shaving
German: Spitzenlastkappung
In energy management, peak shaving is the reduction of the highest demand peaks drawn from the grid, by temporarily reducing or shifting loads or by supplying power from on-site storage or generation.
Energy
Definition and examplesPower factor
IEC 60050-131German: Leistungsfaktor
In electrical engineering, the power factor is the ratio of active power to apparent power in an AC circuit. For sinusoidal voltage and current it equals the cosine of the phase angle between them (cos φ); with harmonics, it is lower than cos φ.
Energy
Definition and examplesPower monitoring
German: Leistungsüberwachung
In electrical and automation engineering, power monitoring is the continuous measurement of electrical quantities, such as voltage, current, active, reactive and apparent power, power factor and energy, at feeders, machines or devices.
Energy
Definition and examplesPower quality
IEC 61000-4-30German: Spannungsqualität
In electrical engineering, power quality describes the characteristics of the voltage, and often the current, at a given point in an electrical system compared with reference values, including frequency, magnitude, dips and swells, interruptions, harmonics, unbalance and flicker. IEC 61000-4-30 defines measurement methods for power quality parameters.
Energy
Definition and examplesPower-factor correction
German: Blindleistungskompensation
In electrical engineering, power-factor correction is the reduction of reactive power drawn from the supply, typically by installing capacitors or active compensators close to inductive loads, so that the power factor approaches 1.
Energy
Definition and examplesSmart grid
German: Smart Grid
In power systems, a smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital communication, sensing and control to coordinate generation, storage, network operation and consumption, including distributed and renewable sources, for reliable, efficient and flexible supply.
Energy
Definition and examplesSpecific energy consumption
German: Spezifischer Energieverbrauch
In energy management, specific energy consumption (SEC) is the energy used per unit of output, such as kilowatt-hours per ton, per part or per cubic meter, calculated for a defined boundary and period.
Energy
Definition and examplesSubstation automation
IEC 61850German: Substation Automation
In power systems, substation automation is the use of intelligent electronic devices, communication networks and control systems to protect, control, monitor and record the operation of an electrical substation. IEC 61850 is the international standard for communication in power utility automation, including substations.
Energy · Standards
Definition and examples
Maintenance and diagnostics
Condition-based maintenance
EN 13306German: Zustandsorientierte Instandhaltung
In maintenance engineering, condition-based maintenance is preventive maintenance that is triggered by the assessed physical condition of an item rather than by a fixed interval. It combines condition monitoring, analysis of the measured data and the maintenance actions that follow from it.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesDiagnostic buffer
German: Diagnosepuffer
In Siemens SIMATIC controllers, the diagnostic buffer is a ring buffer in the CPU that stores diagnostic and operating events such as mode changes, module faults and program errors in chronological order with a timestamp. When it is full, the oldest entries are overwritten.
Maintenance · Vendor product
Definition and examples- Working term
Error management
German: Fehlermanagement
In automation software engineering, error management is the systematic handling of errors in a control system: detecting them, classifying them by severity, reacting in a defined way, informing the operator and recording them for later analysis.
Maintenance
Definition and examples Event log
German: Ereignisprotokoll
In industrial automation and IT, an event log is a chronological record of events in a system, such as alarms, operator actions, state changes, logins and configuration changes, each stored with a timestamp and a source.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesFailure cause
IEC 60050-192German: Ausfallursache
In dependability engineering, a failure cause is the set of circumstances that leads to a failure. It can originate in specification, design, manufacture, installation, operation or maintenance.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesFailure mode
IEC 60050-192German: Ausfallart
In dependability engineering, a failure mode is the manner in which a failure occurs, for example an item that does not start, stops unexpectedly, drifts out of tolerance or fails in an open or closed state.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesFault detection
German: Fehlererkennung
In automation and dependability engineering, fault detection is the recognition that a fault or abnormal condition is present in a system, for example through plausibility checks, limit monitoring, test pulses, watchdogs or comparison of redundant channels.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesFault diagnosis
German: Fehlerdiagnose
In automation and maintenance, fault diagnosis is the process of determining the type, location and cause of a detected fault, using diagnostic data, tests and the knowledge of the system's structure.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesFault isolation
German: Fehlerlokalisierung
In maintenance and diagnostics, fault isolation is the part of fault diagnosis that identifies the faulty item down to the replaceable unit, such as a module, cable, sensor or board.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesInspection
EN 13306 / DIN 31051German: Inspektion
In maintenance, inspection is the examination of an item to determine and assess its actual condition, for example by observing, measuring, testing or gauging relevant characteristics, and to identify the causes of wear. In DIN 31051 it is one of the basic measures of maintenance, alongside servicing, repair and improvement.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesLifespan
German: Lebensdauer
In engineering, the lifespan of an item is the period from its first use until it can no longer perform its required function economically or safely, expressed in time, operating hours or cycles. For wear parts it is often stated as a statistical value, such as a B10 life or a number of switching cycles.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesMaintenance
EN 13306 / DIN 31051German: Instandhaltung
In maintenance engineering, maintenance is the combination of all technical, administrative and managerial actions during the life cycle of an item intended to retain it in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform the required function. DIN 31051 divides it into servicing, inspection, repair and improvement.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesMaintenance plan
EN 13306German: Instandhaltungsplan
In maintenance management, a maintenance plan is a structured set of tasks, including activities, procedures, resources and time scales, required to carry out maintenance of a specific item or plant.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesMaintenance planning
German: Wartungsplanung
In maintenance management, maintenance planning is the activity of defining which maintenance tasks are needed, when they are performed, and which people, parts, tools and downtime windows they require.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesMaintenance strategy
EN 13306German: Instandhaltungsstrategie
In maintenance management, a maintenance strategy is the management method used to achieve the maintenance objectives, for example corrective, preventive, condition-based or predictive maintenance, or a combination of them for different items.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesmapp Services (B&R)
German: mapp Services
In B&R Automation Studio, mapp Services is a group of ready-made software components of the mapp Technology framework that provide cross-cutting machine functions, such as alarm handling, user management, audit trails, recipe handling, data recording and backup, configured rather than programmed.
Maintenance · Vendor product
Definition and examplesMean time between failures (MTBF)
IEC 60050-192German: Mittlere Betriebsdauer zwischen Ausfällen (MTBF)
In reliability engineering, the mean time between failures (MTBF) is the expected operating time between consecutive failures of a repairable item. IEC 60050-192 uses the term mean operating time between failures.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesMean time to repair (MTTR)
German: Mittlere Reparaturzeit (MTTR)
In maintenance and reliability engineering, the mean time to repair (MTTR) is the average time needed to repair a failed item and return it to operation. Depending on the organization, it covers only the active repair or also diagnosis, waiting for parts and functional testing, so its definition must be stated.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesMean time to restoration (MTTR)
IEC 60050-192German: MTTR
In dependability engineering according to IEC 60050-192, the mean time to restoration (MTTR) is the expected time from the occurrence of a failure until the item is restored, including the time to detect the failure, administrative and logistic delays, and the repair itself.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesObsolescence management
IEC 62402German: Obsoleszenzmanagement
In product lifecycle and maintenance management, obsolescence management is the coordinated set of activities to identify, assess and handle the discontinuation of components, software or technologies over the life of a system, so that it can still be operated, maintained and supported.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesOffline diagnosis
German: Offline-Diagnose
In automation and maintenance, offline diagnosis is fault diagnosis carried out while the system or item is not in normal operation, for example with the machine stopped, the device removed or on recorded data, rather than during running production.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesOnline diagnosis
German: Online-Diagnose
In automation and maintenance, online diagnosis is fault detection and diagnosis carried out while the system is in normal operation, for example through continuous self-tests, device diagnostics over the fieldbus or live access to controller data with the engineering tool.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesRemote maintenance
German: Fernwartung
In industrial automation, remote maintenance is the diagnosis, support, configuration or software maintenance of a machine or plant from a distant location over a network connection, usually by the machine builder's or integrator's service staff.
Maintenance · OT security
Definition and examplesRepair
EN 13306 / DIN 31051German: Instandsetzung
In maintenance, repair is the physical action taken to restore the required function of a faulty item. In DIN 31051 it is one of the basic measures of maintenance, alongside servicing, inspection and improvement.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesResidual current circuit breaker (RCCB)
IEC 61008-1German: Fehlerstromschutzschalter
In electrical installations, a residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) is a switching device that disconnects a circuit when the difference between the currents in the live conductors, the residual current, exceeds its rated value, for example because current flows to earth through a fault or a person. An RCCB without integral overcurrent protection is covered by IEC 61008-1.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesRoot-cause analysis
IEC 62740German: Ursachenanalyse
In quality, reliability and safety management, root-cause analysis (RCA) is a systematic process for identifying the underlying causes of a failure, incident or problem, so that measures can remove them and prevent recurrence rather than treat only the symptoms.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesSecure by design and secure by default
German: Secure by Design, Secure by Default
In product security engineering, secure by design means that security is built into a product from the requirements and architecture onward, while secure by default means that the product is delivered with secure settings active, so that users do not need to harden it before safe use.
Maintenance · OT security
Definition and examplesServicing
DIN 31051German: Wartung
In maintenance according to DIN 31051, servicing is the set of measures that delay the reduction of an item's wear reserve, such as cleaning, lubricating, adjusting, replenishing and replacing consumables. It is one of the basic measures of maintenance, alongside inspection, repair and improvement.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesSpare part
German: Ersatzteil
In maintenance, a spare part is an item intended to replace a corresponding item in order to restore or maintain the original required function of the machine or plant.
Maintenance
Definition and examplesTroubleshooting
German: Fehlersuche
In maintenance and service, troubleshooting is the systematic process of finding and correcting the cause of a malfunction, from the observed symptom through diagnosis and repair to a check that the function has been restored.
Maintenance · Technical documentation
Definition and examples
Definitions follow the cited standards and specifications. Where a source is a copyrighted publication, such as an ISO, IEC or EN standard, the definition is a close paraphrase, not a verbatim quotation, so as not to infringe copyright. We recommend reading the original publication. The sections “How it applies” are editorial commentary by AI TechDoc Blog and are not part of any standard.